Tongue Twisters - Part 3

I am not certain what is going on with my Internet connection, but it is extremely slow. Hopefully that'll be fixed soon in some way. In the mean time, here are some more tongue twisters.

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• Six sleek swans swam swiftly southwards.
• Pirates' Private Property
• How much ground would a groundhog hog, if a groundhog could hog ground?
• Three short sword sheaths.
• Rolling red wagons.
• Green glass globes glow greenly.
• He threw three balls.
• The great Greek grape growers grow great Greek grapes.
• Tom threw Tim three thumbtacks.
• He threw three free throws.

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Tongue Twisters - Part 2

Due to the fact that my internet is extremely slow tonight, and I've been waiting and hoping to be able to write a blog post, but it has not gotten any faster, here are some more tongue twister to use in warm ups for rehearsals. Don't forget to also have fun outside of rehearsal warm ups where you try to say them faster and faster and over and over to see how quickly you make a mistake! The mistakes that are made are what makes them fun when said in that context!

• Sheena leads, Sheila needs.
• Seth at Sainsbury's sells thick socks.
• Roberta ran rings around the Roman ruins.
• Stupid superstition!
• Picky people pick Peter Pan Peanut-Butter, 'tis the peanut-butter picky people pick.
• If Stu chews shoes, should Stu choose the shoes he chews?
• Wayne went to Wales to watch walruses.
• Rudder valve reversals.
• Four furious friends fought for the phone.
• Tie twine to three tree twigs.

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Sitzprobe - Theatre Etymology - Part 22

In the majority of theatres, when a cast rehearses music, either with the canned music or a band or orchestra, it is just called a music rehearsal. However, there is a term for a music rehearsal where only music is rehearsed and the cast sits and does not work with any blocking. That term is sitzprobe.

Sitzprobe is pronounced "sits-pro-bah." It is not common to have a cast rehearse with canned music and have it called a sitzprobe, but some theatre may call it that. It is more common for the cast (or only the singers in the cast) to rehearse with a band or orchestra. The rehearsals are for the conductor to get a feel for what is going to happen and the cast and musicians to start working together. It is hoped that the music can be rehearsed without stopping, but that is definitely not likely at the first sitzprobe. Being that there are going to be stops where singers and orchestra members mark music, a sitzprobe can last several hours. This is one of the reasons that people sit.

Different sites give three different translations of the word. They all claim to be a translation of German, but the different translations are "sitting trial," "sitting rehearsal," and "seated rehearsal." If "sitzprobe" is entered into Google translate as a German word, it translates into English as sitting trial. However, if sitting trial is put into Google translate as English, it translates into German as sitzender Versuch.

The English to German translation is sitting rehearsal to Sitzprobe and the English to German translation of seated rehearsal is Sitzprobe.

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Claptrap - Theatre Etymology - Part 21

Today, the word claptrap is used to mean nonsense. We tend to like the word claptrap because of the rhyming just like when we use words or phrases such as mumbo jumbo and hoodoo to mean nonsense. However, claptrap didn't always mean nonsense.

Originally, claptrap was literally a way to trap applause that was used by actors. The first time the term (albeit as two words) appeared in print was in 1721 in Nathan Bailey's dictionary. He wrote, "A Clap Trap, a name given to the rant and rhimes that dramatick poets, to please the actors, let them get off with: as much as to say, a trap to catch a clap, by way of applause from the spectators at a play." It is thought that the compound word was made sometime between 1727 and 1731. The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology says that claptrap is a nouns and defines it as "in its earliest sense of an actor’s stage device to get applause."

By 1775, the word claptrap had started to be used to mean verbal hogwash. In Thoughts on the Cause of Present Discontents, Edmund Burke wrote, "The members [of a political party] seek by every just method to get their party into power so that their plans may be executed. Such rivalry is easily distinguishable from a mean, selfish struggle for place and emolument. The opponents of party frequently parade as a virtue that they support "not men but measures." This is the veriest claptrap—a device to get loose from honourable engagements ; as in the case of a man who deserts his party when it loses power, and avers that he is supporting measures." By 1819, the word was in common usage as meaning hogwash or nonsense.

Around 150 years after the origin of the term, somebody did make a device that simulated applause and called it a claptrap. The word clap might come from the Middle English word clappen, the Old English word clæppan, or the Middle Low German word kleppen. The word trap might come from the Middle English word trappe (noun), or trappen (v.), the Old English word træppe (noun), or the Middle Dutch word trappe. These are akin to the Old English word treppan meaning to tread and the German word Treppe meaning staircase.

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Ham - Theatre Etymology - Part 20

Most people in the theatre are familiar with the term ham meaning an actor who overacts. They may also be used to the phrase "ham it up" to mean to (usually purposely) exaggerate emotions and actions on the stage while acting. However, the origin of the word ham is not readily known. Does it come from the meat product or possibly Shakespeare's play Hamlet?

Ham, referring to an actor, used to only be applied to actors that were unskilled or inferior that would overact. It seems that such actors were called hamfats. There are many theories as to why this was the case, but there is one prevailing theory. During the 19th century, before cream makeups were invented, powdered makeup had to be combined with oils or grease. Professional actors had higher quality oils that they used. Amateur actors who could not afford these oils used some type of grease, often ham fat. Thus, amateur actors became known as hamfatters and the word was shorted to ham.

The word may also come from an 1863 minstrel song known as "The Ham Fat" man. The lyrics to the song are "Ham fat, ham fat, zigga zolla zan, / Ham fat, ham fat, Tickle olla tan; /oh! Walk into de kitchen, as fast as you can,/ Hoochee Koochee Koochee, says the Hamfat Man." It is also thought that both reasons may be combined and thus the term was created.

In the November 6, 1879 edition of the Nashville [Tennessee] Union and American in an article called "Spangles and Sawdust," the following conversation took place between a flying trapeze artist and the reporter:

”This is the first [circus] show I ever left in this way. I traveled with Forepaugh’s establishment four seasons, and never had any trouble. I’ve been with this show since the 12th of June last, having joined it at Clinton, Iowa. When DeHaven proposed this concert business, I told him I was no ham-fatter, and—“

“Ham-fatter?”

“Yes, ham-fatter. That’s the name we give a man in our profession who is a poor performer. I’ve been in the business since I was ten years old, and I’m a little over twenty-five now.”

By 1882, the term "ham" appeared alone and not as "ham-fatter" or "hamfatter." This was in Illustrated Sports and Drama News in a letter that was printed when the writer referred to himself as "no ham, but a classical banjo player." By April 1884, the term hamfatter was also being used by performers in the circus and on April 8, 1884, there was an ad in the San Antonio [Texas] Light for the Vaudeville Theatre which specifically referred to an actor as a hamfatter.

In the 1886 book America Revisited, From the Bay of New York to the Gulf of Mexico, and from Lake Michigan to the Pacific in a chapter titled, "All Fun of the Fair," George Augustus Sala used the term "ham-fatter" to refer to any person who did not want to appear as if they were not handsome or pretty by writing, "Every American who does not wish to be thought 'small potatoes' or a 'ham-fatter' or a 'corner loafer,' is carefully 'barbed' and fixed up in a hair-dressing saloon every day."

In the July 29, 1888 edition of the New York Herald, the following text appeared:

"HAMFATTER. —A recent name in some quarters of New York, for a second-rate dude or masher, and more especially applied to the habitués of the Rialto in that city."

[Example:] I’ll warrant that these ladies who complain have, if the truth were known, strolled up and down Broadway by the Fifth Avenue Hotel and the Hoffman, and were they so fortunate as to receive an admiring glance from the well-dressed and more prosperous professional brother of the HAMFATTER, they were not offended, forsooth."

A less likely but plausible theory appears in a 1966 edition of a New Yorker article which claims jazz musicians used ham fat as part of their equipment. It stated, "Most of the musicians playing in these clubs are old men…. They’re hamfat musicians. In the old days, the rough musicians kept pieces of ham fat in their pockets to grease the slides of their trombones."

Less like theories are:

• A shortening of the name of act, "The Hamtown Students," a vaudeville act that was a black-face quartet known for exaggerated movements and overblown nature of the act owned by the manager Tony Pastor. This was done by Pastor himself, who would refer to any actor overacting as a ham.
• Tony Pastor had a poster that advertised "sixty hams distributed on Monday evening" at his Opera House in New York. The offering of free hams had a bad reflection on actors until they were known as ham actors.
• It comes from all actors claiming to have played Hamlet or wishing to play the role of Hamlet to great applause.
• That it comes from the name Hamish McCullough who toured "pig-sticking" town of Illinois since his nickname was Ham and his troupe was called "Ham's actors."

You can read more about ham acting (especially in television) at TV Trope's "Large Ham" article and more about theatrical actors and theatrical roles known for being hams at TV Trope's "Large Ham - Theatre" article.

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Person - Theatre Etymology - Part 19

Anybody reading this probably knows what a person is. A person is any human - a man, a woman, a boy, a girl, somebody that identifies as non-binary. A person can have any job, be anybody. However, it may not be common knowledge that the word person actually comes from the theatre.

In ancient Rome, there was a term for a mask an actor wore on the stage. It was known in Latin as the persona or prosopon. In Greek, it was πρόσωπον. The masks, as a group, were known as the peronae of the stage lay. This is why a cast is still sometimes listed as the dramatis personae or the personae dramatis. It is literally the list of characters of the play with the people who play them.

Theological debates in the 4th and 5th century furthered this use of the word person. They took the word prosopon from the Greek theatre in order to define God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit as three different persons within the Godhead. Since then, many changes have been made concerning the word person. There have been many different trials to change the meaning of the word and most likely, there will always be people who try to change the meaning. After all, language is always evolving.

Even the dictionary etymology supports person coming from the theatre. The word person is thought to have come from the Middle English word persone which came from the Latin word persōna meaning a role in life, a role in a play. This latter usage came from the original usage meaning an actor's mask which came from the Etruscan word phersu which is thought to have come from the Greek word prósōpa meaning face or mask and having the -na suffix attached.

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Blue Fire - Theatre Etymology - Part 18

When something is amazing in the theatre, these days, people just tend to say it was amazing or give other similar adjectives. However, back in Victorian days, there was a term for anything amazing, astounding, or sensational. If an audience had never seen anything like what they had seen on stage before, they called it blue fire.

The current definition of blue fire is compositions of various combustible substances, as sulfur, niter, lampblack, etc., the flames of which are colored by various salts, as those of antimony, strontium, barium, etc. This is exactly where the theatre term originated. A mixture containing sulfur was ignited in order to create an eerie blue glow on the stage. The audience had never seen anything like it before, so then any special effect was dubbed blue fire.

The word blue might have come from the Middle English word blewe which comes from the Anglo-French word blew, bl(i)u, or bl(i)ef meaning livid or discolored. It may also have come from the Old French word blo or blau (French bleu) which came from Germanic word blǣwaz. This can also be compared to the Old English word blǣwen which is a contraction of blǣhǣwen meaning deep blue. It may also have come from the Old Frisian word blāw, the Middle Dutch word blā(u), the Old High German blāo (German blau), or the Old Norse word blār.

The word fire might have come from the Middle English or Old English word fȳr which probably came from the Old Norse word fūrr, the German word Feuer, or the Greek word pŷr.

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Greedy Scene - Theatre Etymology - Part 17

A greedy scene sounds like it means the scene is eating, or perhaps there is a lot of eating in the scene. However, a greedy scene actually means a scene in a play in which the lead actor or actress (or star) has the stage all to himself or herself.

There does not seem to be any recorded origin of the phrase. However, it is said to have come from 1909. It can be understood that when an actor has the stage to himself, he may seem greedy. Then, obviously, a scene takes place on stage. It seems like the phrase may have come from people say that an actor was greedy for a scene and it was shortened to greedy scene. Yet, this is only a theory.

The word greedy has many possible origins. One possibility is that it from the Old English word grǣdig, which is related to both the Old Norse word grāthugr and the Gothic word grēdags meaning hungry. It may also come from the Old High German word grātac. The word scene comes from the Latin word scēna meaning background (of the stage) which comes from the Greek word skēnḗ meaning booth (where actors dressed).

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Mumble-Mumper - Theatre Etymology - Part 16

These days, people don't tend to attribute certain names to actors that they can't hear on the stage. There isn't a movement in theatre like there is in films and television known as mumble acting (which surprisingly even has fans, so the genre and fans call it mumblecore). In theatre, people need to be heard.

However, there are times when an actor cannot be heard. Directors try to avoid having this happen. However, it can always be a problem. It seems to have been more of a problem from the mid-19th to the early 20th century. There was even a term, "mumble-mumper." However, this wasn't applied to any actors. It seems like these actors had to be old. The most common definition found is "An old, sulky, inarticulate, unintelligable actor." It is thought that the term comes from around the year 1860.

Other defitions of mumble-mumper are "an old, inarticulate performer whose lines cannot be easily heard or interpreted by the audience" and "an old, inarticulate actor that the audince struggles to understand." It is fairly obvious why mumble would be part of the term, but mumper is more of a mystery.

Mumble can mean "to speak in a low indistinct manner, almost to an unintellible extent." It comes from the Middle English word momelen or the Dutch world mommelen or the German word mummeln. However, mumper has nothing to do with acting or speaking. It also has nothing to do with the mumps. Mumper means "a beggar, a mandicant; a person who sponges on others." Sometimes the word mumper was only applied to genteel beggars, but it seems to have ended up being applied to all beggars. In some parts of England, the word mumper is only applied to troops of beggars who go from house to house. Sometimes this is on St. Thomas's day or St. Stephen's day.

While this is not theory found by others, I have a theory that an actor may have ended up being a beggar and with the confusion of a troop of beggars and a theatre troupe, that an actor also being a mumper ended up being called a mumble-mumper. Somebody heard the term and liked it, so then it was applied to all old actors who couldn't be understood.

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Not a Dry Eye in the House - Theatre Etymology - Part 15

If somebody says there's not a dry eye in the house, that tends to mean that everybody was crying. However, usually not every single person was crying. The phrase is mostly used exaggeratively when most people or at least most people that are seen, are crying at a performance. This is usually in response to something on stage that is extremely sad or extremely happy that it makes people cry.

There does not seem to be a record of when the phrase was first used or first printed. However, it is obvious that eyes are wet when people cry. So, if everybody is crying, that would make every eye be wet and there wouldn't be a dry eye in the house.

The word dry when used as an adjective seems to come from the Old English word dryge which comes from the Proto-Germanic word draugiz. These words can be compared to the Middle Low German word dröge, the Middle Dutch word druge, the Dutch word droog, the Old High German word trucchon, the German word trocken, and the Old Norse word, draugr. However, the Proto-German word draugiz seems to come from the Proto-Indo-European prefix dreug.

When the word eye is used as a noun, it comes from before 900. It seems that it is from the Middle English word eie or ie or the Old English word ēge which is a variant of ēage. This is a cognate of the German word Auge which is then akin to the Latin word oculus, the Greek word ṓps, and the Sanskrit word akṣi.

Then, the same origin for house is in the post for Bring the House Down.

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Get the Show on the Road - Theatre Etymology - Part 14

Get the show on the road means to get an activity started. This can be any activity. A parent may tell children to get the show on the road if they need to clean up the toys. That same parent may use the same phrase to the same children to get them to get going and get ready to leave for school. A teacher may say "Let's get this show on the road," meaning to get a class started. A director may say, "Let's get this show on the road" meaning to start a rehearsal or even at the very beginning of rehearsals. Another may not use the phrase until it is time for the show to open and only use the phrase for when the show opens, meaning for the show to get started and have a good run.

Get seems to come from the Middle English word geten which comes from the Old Norse word geta which means to obtain or to beget. It may also come from the Old English root -gietan (from the Middle English word yeten) or the German -gessen (as in vergessen which means to forget). The word show seems to come from the Middle English word showen, shewen, or schween meaning to look at or the Old English word scēawian meaning to look at. The word road seems to come from the Middle English word rode or rade or the Old English word rād meaning a riding or a journey on horseback.

The first recorded instance of the phrase seems to be from the 1951 novel From Here to Eternity by James Jones. It is loosely based on his experiences in the infantry from before Word War II. He wrote in it, "'Come on, come on,' Prew said, 'What's holding things up? Let's get this show on the road.'" However, it is thought that the phrase was in common use by the 1930s and came into use around 1910.

The reason for the phrase coming into use is though to be related to when a Broadway or West End theatre show started touring, so the show literally had to get on the road. There is also the possibility that the phrase came from the circus because it toured and literally had to get the show on the road. If I had actually written about this phrase first in my Theatre Etymology series, I could have said that I was getting the show on the road with the series.

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Chew the Scenery - Theatre Etymology - Part 13

If a person is known to chew the scenery, that doesn't mean that the person is like Cookie Monster, who will eat anything, and actually eats the scenery. Instead, it means to overact or to act melodramatically. Depending on the context of the phrase, it can have a positive or negative meaning.

An actor may perform so well that he was said to chew the scenery because while everything else and all the actors supported the actor, the actor managed to shine and not take away from any of the support. It is just that the actor was extremely impressive. However, an actor might also chew the scenery if he overacts and takes away from the other performers and the tehcnical effects.

Most sources seem to cite that the phrase comes from a 1930 article by Dorothy Parker in which she wrote, "more glutton than artist . . . he commences to chew up the scenery." However, there are earlier evidences of the phrase being used. The first printed occurance of the phrase seems to be from March 1, 1891 in Rocky Mountain News. It read, "The Antony of Mons. Dermont was quite devoid of dignity and real force. He was inclined to 'chew scenery.'" This was part of a review of Cleopatra by Vicorien Saroud that starred Sarah Bernhardt and took place in New York. The next occurance of the phrase seems to be from 1894 from the novel Coeur D'Alene by Mary Hallock Foote. She wrote, "Lads, did ye hear him chewin' the scenery, giving' himself away like a play-actor? 'I'm not what ye think I am', says he. 'I'm in a cruel, equizzical position.'...You can't make evidence out of such rot as he was talkin', ...a young fella turning his chin loose about his mash! He chins wid us, an' listens to our talk, but he's too fancy for a miner. He's a bird, he's a swell, and makes out he's a workin'man like the rest av us."

The word chew seems to come from the Old English world ceown when comes from the West Germnic word keuwwan which comes from the Dutch word kauwen. However, it may lso comes from the Old High Germn wsord kiuwan (or German word kauen) which comes from the proto-Indo-European root gyeu, meaning to chew, the Salvonic word živomeaning to chew, the Lithuanian word žiaunos meaning jaws, or the Persian word javidan meaning to chew. The word scenery seems to come directly from the Italian word scenario, being adapted into English as scenery for the set of a theatrical play. There is no exact record of why an actor may "chew the scenery," but it is thought that the phrase may have originated by people saying that an actor did everything but chew the scenery in order to get attention.

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Bring the House Down - Theatre Etymology - Part 12

Bring the house down sounds like it means to literally find a house on top of a hill or a mountain and bring it down to the base. It also sounds like it could mean that a house collapses in on itself. However, when people in the theatre use the phrase bring the house down or any of its variations (bring down the house, brought the house down, brought down the house, etc.), it means that a performer or the performers (and crew) did so well that the a loud response (usually applause or laughter) came from the audience.

The reason that this phrase is used is that the word house described the part of a room or theatre where an audience sat. Back in the 18th century, the response from an audience could be so loud that it seemed like the audience was in an earthquake and that the structure in which the performance was held was literally about to fall in on itself.

The origin of the word bring seems to be from sometime before 950 and could possibly come from Middle English (bringen), Old English (bringan), Dutch (brengen), German (bringen), or Gothic (briggan). The origin of house comes from before 900 and could be from Middle English (h[o]us), Old English (hūs), Low German (huus), Old Norse (hūs), German (Haus), or Gothic (-hūs or in gudhūs temple). The origin of the word down comes from before 1100 and seems to have come from either the Middle English word doune or th Old English word dūne which seems to have come from adūne. Basically, it lost the first syllable which makes the word dūne aphetic (meaning a word that has lost a syllable from the original). Adūne originally meant something like "off the hill" or "down from the hill."

While loud applause or laughter (or even stomping) in appreciation of a performance sounds like it is a plausible reason for a theatre collapse, there do not seem to be any instances of a theatre collapsing for this reason. All cases of theatres collapsing or parts of theatres collapsing, whether while an audience was present or not, seem to be due to incorrect, weak, or weakened structure. A few examples are the 1910 collapse of an open-air (airdome) theatre in New Jersey, the 2008 collapse of Nicosia municipal theatre in Cyprus, and the 2013 collapse of the Apollo theatre in London, United Kingdom.

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Behind the Scenes - Theatre Etymology - Part 11

When something is done behind the scenes, that means that it is done in secret from the public. Only a few people who are involved with the action know what is happening. This can be anywhere. It may be done in government, in a school, in a club, or even within a family among different members. A person might even refer to intimate times as "behind the scenes" from others.

The term "behind the scenes" comes from theatre. It can also be used in television and in film. It literally means the action that goes on behind the scenery of a play (or television show or movie). A lot has to happen for a show to be made. The actors are not the only people who make a show. There are people who run lights and sound. There are people who make sure the set is made and in place. There are people who work on costumes. There are often people who move props (although sometimes the actors do this). There's the writer or writers. There's the director. There are usually even more people.

As for the etymology of each word, behind comes from the Middle English word "behinde" or "behinden" or the Old English word "behindan." Then, scene comes from the Latin word "scēna" which comes from the Greek word "skēnḗ" meaning a booth where actors dressed.

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Curtain Call - Theatre Etymology - Part 10

A curtain call is the time the cast of a show comes out after the curtain closes (if it does) and then reopens at the end of the show. It seems that curtain calls became popular in the 1800s. There is no exact date recorded for the first curtain call or how they were introduced into theatre. By 1839, Charles Dickens had written a scene in Nicholas Nickleby that described an audience as "calling" for the actress Miss Snevillicci to come out after a successful show. Even though it is not certain when curtain calls became popular, it is thought that theatre always had rituals for the end of the show.

The reason for the term "curtain call" seems fairly obvious. One might ask why it is not a "curtain cue" if thinking it comes from "calling the cues" and calling a cue for the last curtain. However, cues aren't always called for a curtain as they often operated by backstage crew who follow a script and are among the actors. Also, the call seem to be, as suggested above, a calling from the audience to the actors. As for the words themselves, c curtain comes from the Old French word "cortine" which comes from the Late Latin "corina" meaning a round vessel or curtain comes from the Latin word "cortem" meaning an enclosure or a courtyard. Call comes from the last Middle English word "callen" which probably came from the Old Norse word "kalla" meaning to call out. It is thought hat this may have been confused with or mixed with the Old English (West Saxon) word "ceallian" meaning to shout. It is also possible that the word call came from the Middle Dutch word "kallen" meaning to talk or the Old High German word "kallôn" meaning to shout.

Today, curtain calls often consist of actors coming out and giving a bow or a curtsy as the audience claps and cheers. The reason for a curtain call seems to be two fold. Some actors love getting praise and affirmation that they did a good job and a curtain call allows for that. It also seems that, in general, audiences love to go crazy. A curtain call allows an audience to go crazy with congratulatory sounds and actions for actors. However, some actors hate curtain calls and will try to leave as soon as possible.

There was a time when curtain calls were more elaborate. The curtain call for a musical may have been a musical number at the end of the show and then the actors would turn to the audience and bow. At times, this type of thing still happens in the theatre, but it is not as common. For a straight play, each actor may have come out and given a bow or a curtsy separately if the cast was not too large.

It is also important for actors to rehearse the curtain call. It might be odd performing a curtain call in front of an empty house, but it is necessary to know how a curtain call is going to go rather than tripping over other actors in an impromptu one. Rehearsing a curtain call can also allow a director to let a cast known when he or she is pleased. The curtain call can be rehearsed and the director may want to go directly into giving notes afterwards. However, when a play is rehearsed with a curtain call and the director claps, that probably means that he or she is pleased with the performance. However, this does not mean there will not still be notes taken. This simply means that the director was pleased and there still may be more to fix in the play.

Another thing that a curtain call does is allow the audience to see the actors for themselves. The actors may come out as their characters, but they do not have to stay in character for the curtain call. The audience can watch how the actors interact with each other at this time. Actors can also decide on if they are going to bow or curtsy and their arm movements. If actors are coming out in sets or pairs, do they hold hands? It is also customary to acknowledge the technical operators and/or the orchestra after the initial bows. At times, if these positions are paid, they may not be acknowledged if the actors are not paid as the paycheck is seen as their reward. However, they are often acknowledge for the work, even if they are paid. This way the entire cast and crew feels like they did a great job.

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In the Round - Theatre Etymology - Part 9

Theatre in the round is a style of theatre where the audience surrounds the stage where the actors perform on three or four sides. The stage is usually either lower than the audience or on the same level as the audience. In rare cases, the acting area is actually raised above the audience. Some theatres are purposely built in the style of in the round. At other times, a theatre may be a proscenium stage or a black box and the audience's sitting area is made by putting chairs around the acting area.

Theatre in the round was common in ancient Greek theatre. This is because of the landscape. The audience's seats would be on the rising area of hills and the acting area would be on the low parts between them. Theatre in the round grew out of fashion until the medieval era, but by the 17th century, it grew out of fashion again and a proscenium stage was preferred.

The etymology is fairly simple. It is literally theatre that is performed in a circle of audience members. The audience members are around the actors, thus the theatre is in the "round." The word theatre seems to come from the Latin word theātrum which seems to come from the Greek word théātron, meaning seeing place. Then round seems to come from the Old French stem ront or reont which seems to have come from the Latin rotundus.

Around the time of World War I, theatre in the round started becoming popular again. It was appearing in colleges in the United States. In 1924, Gilmore Brown founded the theatre company Fair-Oaks Playbox in Pasadena, California. Then in 1930, Nikolay Pavlovich Okhlopkov founded the Realistic Theater company. It started to work in the style of theatre in the round because the stage designers did not like the limitations of the proscenium stage. In 1940, the first purpose built theatre for theatre in the round appeared in Seattle Washington.

In 1955, the Studio Theatre company was the first known to work in the theatre in the round style in the United Kingdom. They first performed in the Library Theatre in Scarborough during the summers. During the winters, they would tour to towns without theatres. They had a temporary home in the Civic Hall of Newcastle-under-Lyme. However, the dream of a purpose built theatre for theatre in the round would not come to fruition until 1986, when the New Vic Theatre was built in Newcastle-under-Lyme.

There still are not many purpose built theatres for theatre in the round. However, the style if often chosen when a director or a theatre company wants to give a more intimate feel for a performance. This is because it will often result in a smaller audience around the actors, allowing them to address different audience members or different areas of the audience. However, sometimes, in a purpose built theatre for theatre in the round, the audience can often be bigger and more spread out than one that is found in a typical proscenium arch theatre. The difficulty for actors can be that they are trained in a proscenium arch theatre and taught not to turn their backs to the audience, but in theatre in the round, somebody is always going to be seeing the actors' backs.

Theatre in the round is also known as central stage, arena stage, or island stage. Theatre in the round is also seen hyphenated as theatre-in-the-round. In the round can also be used to describe an art form. This basically means a statue as it is not a flat painting or a relief, but a sculpture that can be seen from all 360 degree around it and is in the open air.

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Footloose and Fancy Free - Theatre Etymology - Part 8

Many people associate the phrase footloose and fancy free with dancing. This is most likely because of the 1984 movie, Footloose. Sometimes, it is also associated with the theatre. It tends to mean to be free of any commitments and to be able to move about as one pleases.

Part of the phrase does originate with theatre, but the other part does not. The phrase fancy free comes from the theatre. It seems that it was first used by Shakespeare in his 1598 play, A Midsummer Night's Dream. When Shakespeare used the phrase, it meant to be free of any romantic or amorous thoughts or commitments. This was because in Tudor England, fancy meant an amorous inclination. Oberon states, "But I might see young cupid's fiery shaft / Quench'd in the chaste beams of the watery moon, / And the imperial votaress passed on, / In maiden meditation, fancy free."

However, it is debated if footloose comes from sailing terms or from terms used in law. There don't seem to be years related to when the term would be used with sailing. However, the story for the origin of the word footloose with sailing states that the bottom of the main sail, the foot, was always tied to the base, or the foot, of a boom in order to keep it from flapping in the wind. At times, there were reasons for a main sail not being tied to a boom, especially if the shape were not to be kept the same. At other times, the bottoms of smaller sails were not tied to a boom. It is thought that these sails were said to be footloose.

The idea of the word footloose coming from the law has a stronger basis. It is thought that the word has been used to mean free to act as one pleases as early as the 17th century. Online dictionaries state that the word was first used sometime between 1650 and 1700, but give no sources.

It is known that on January 16, 1834, the Indianapolis Journal reported on a case about a financier and it said, "The Senate declared this connection unlawful, and immediately divorced this great financier from the revenue bill, sent the bill back to the House without its defilement, leaving the great financier again foot loose in the world."

It is thought that the two phrases (or word and phrase) were put together simply because the alliteration sounded good. Different sites give what they think was the first usage. The earliest seems to be from the Wednesday, March 20, 1867 edition of the Nashville, Tennessee periodical, Republican Banner. The part of the story that used the phrase read, "The people of Tennessee hate, loathe and spurn all professional slanderers as they hate, loathe and spurn all political corruptionists, shoulderstrikers, mobbists, incendiaries, [sic] civil government in our midst, and we want the aid of no extremists, North or South. We are the ally of no party hostile to the Government or the Congress. We are foot-loose and fancy-ree [sic], bound at the wrist by no entangling alliances. We shall make a plain Republican effort here for a plain Republican fabric - and we shall GO IT ALONE."

The next time the phrase appeared seems to be in the Louisville, Kentucky newspaper, The Courier-Journal, from Sunday and Monday, Gust 29 and 30, 1869 when it said that the Democratic party was "foot-loose and fancy free, with the whole country pick and choose from." The phrase also appeared in a January 1877 edition of the Daily Arkansas Gazette that said "Footloose, fancy free, but of marriageable age" and the October 19, 1882 edition of the Jackson Sentinel from Maquoketa, Iowa that said, "All of which, fellow citizen, means that the people are footloose and fancy free."

Even though only part of the phrase originated in the theatre, with the current meaning of the phrase, footloose and fancy free, being that a person is free from commitments and able to do what he or she wants, it makes perfect sense to be in a theatre. Sometimes, even though actors actors are extremely dedicated to the productions, they seem to have a freedom that others do not. The phrase could also be one that a person gives a theatre when starting to work with the theatre because they will need the time to work with the theatre and will need to be free of other commitments and to move about the theatre as needed.

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Ghost Light - Theatre Etymology - Part 7

In the theatre,a ghost light is not a luminescent plant or fungus. It is a light that is left on after everybody has left the theatre and it stays on the whole time when people are not there until lights in the theatre are operating again. Before electricity was mainstream, ghost lights in theatres were gas lamps. Every theatre had their own gas generator. It was required that a flame continued burning because it would prevent pressure from building up in the gas lines which meant that the theatre would not explode. The ghost light, in current times, is usually an electric light. It tends to be a bulb on a long stand. Sometimes the bulb has a wire cage around it. The stand is then usually placed center stage or down center on the stage.

There is a practical reason for the ghost light. Having a ghost light lets anybody who may legally or illegally enter the theatre see. This way a person does not step on any scenery, costumes, or props that may be where the person walks. It also makes sure that a person does not fall into the orchestra pit if there is one.

However, being that theatre people are superstitious, a ghost light is also placed on the stage in order to appease theatre ghosts. The exact reason they need appeasement can be different. Some people think that if a light is not provided for the ghosts, that they will ruin the production. Others think that the ghosts desire to act on the stage when the theatre is empty and having a ghost light allows them to do this. Others think that the ghosts simply want the light so that they feel like they are welcome in the theatre.

The story that seems to be the most associated with the beginning of the use of a ghost light is that a burglar once broke into a theatre before ghost lights were used. He fell off the stage into the orchestra pit and even though he was not supposed to be in the theatre, he still sued the company.

Ghosts are still known to appear in theatres today. At the Palace Theatre on Broadway, Judy Garland still appears. Workers at the theatre report that set pieces randomly move and that items randomly disappear and appear in different places. At the Tampa Theatre, the ghost there is one of a person who was a projectionists. Multiple people who have worked as a projectionist at the theatre report chills, cold winds, and doors randomly opening.

The ghost light is also known as the Equity Light or Equity Lamp. It is thought that this is because leaving a light out and on was a requirement by Actors Equity, though it seems that nobody can find this rule. However, there are currently rules from OSHA that require lights to be on in a theatre. Sometimes ghost lights aren't the traditional bulb on a stand. The New Amsterdam Theater in New York has lights (in the grid) that basically stay on all the time due to OSHA's rules for the type of building. However, they still function in the same way as a ghost light. The lights are said to appease Olive Thomas, the ghost of a former Ziegfeld show girl.

Ghost lights are so well known in the theatre that "ghost light" has even become parts of the names of theatres and theatrical troupes. Examples are the Seattle theatre company known as Ghost Light Theatricals and Ghost Light Theatre in North Towanda, NY. Even Mandy Patinkin and Patti LuPone have incorporated the ghost light into their duet show because of how well the ghost light is known in the theatre.

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The Scottish Play - Theatre Etymology - Part 6

In theatre, many people will say "The Scottish Play" rather than saying "Macbeth." (Yes, this is the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare.) There are people who are extremely superstitious and believe that the play is cursed, thus saying the name at all is bad luck. There are others who believe that saying the name of the play is only bad luck when in a theatre (including the house [audience], dressing rooms, green rooms, and lobby) or dealing with theatre business (preparing for a show by meeting with designers and technicians, in a gathering about theatre, or teaching theatre). Then there are those who don't believe in the curse and thus will say "Macbeth" when among each other, but out of respect for people who believe in the curse, will say "the Scottish play" when among them.

It is thought that when "Macbeth" is said, that something is going to go wrong, especially during the production of a play if it is said during a rehearsal or performance. This can be something as minor as a tiny prop breaking or major such as an actor receiving a major injury. The origins of this superstition are not known, however there are plenty of anecdotes about things that have gone wrong during performances of Macbeth that make people think the play is cursed.

The theory that William Shakespeare had to replace the actor who played Lady Macbeth in the very first production is not true. It is known that Maximilian Beerbohm, an English parodist, created this story for a theatrical review published in the October 1, 1898 edition of the London publication, The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art.

In 1937, many disasters happened during a performance run of Macbeth at the Old Vic Theatre. The director, Michael Saint-Denis barely escaped death when he was involved in a taxi accident. Darius Milhaud kept tearing up pages of his music because he was not happy with his musical score. Opening night was postponed when Lilian Baylis was sent into major depression after her favorite dog died. Baylis then died one day before the show's postponed opening. A falling sandbag nearly hit Laurence Olivier on the head and Olivier kept wounding many of the actors who played Macduff because of his passionate acting that would truly wound them in the final battle scene.

In 1849, during a production of Macbeth in New York, the American actor Edwin Forrest and the English actor, William Charles Macready, who both played Macbeth in opposing productions had a rivalry that caused a riot at Astor Place. This resulted in at least 20 deaths and more than 100 injuries. .

In 1953, the stage caught on fire during an open air production in which Charles Heston starred. This happened because it was meant for Macbeth's castle to be burned on stage, but the wind blew the fire in unexpected directions. This included blowing it into the audience, which ran away. Heston also suffered from leg and groin burns as for some reason, his tights had accidentally been soaked in kerosene.

Saying "Macbeth" has even migrated into film production. During the 2018 taping of Hereditary writer and director Ari Aster said "Macbeth" after the actor Alex Wolff told him that "Macbeth" shouldn't be said. During the shooting of the scene after Aster said "Macbeth," one of the lights burst.

There are superstitions that have to do with breaking the curse. Many of them involve going outside of the theatre, spinning around three times and spitting. This can be accompanied by having to say something such as a swear word or a line from another Shakespeare play. Sir Patrick Stewart says that the only thing needed to undo the curse of anybody saying "Macbeth" in the theatre is to say any quote from A Midsummer Night's Dream.

You can watch him speak about it here:


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Green Room - Theatre Etymology - Part 5

The green room, if a theatre has one, is the room where actors wait in order to go onto the stage and also to relax before and after the performance, and sometimes even during the performance if they are not on stage. This room may be directly connected to the dressing rooms or it may be located somewhere that is both near the dressing rooms and the stage. However, green rooms aren't always green, so why are they called green rooms?

The origin of the term "green room" is not clear. There are many theories as to why green rooms are called green rooms. One theory is that the term comes from medieval theatre. It is thought that the performing area was called "The Green" and thus any room where actors waited might be called "a green room" because it was a room that would lead to "The Green." Then there's the theory that the room is known as a green room because in Shakespeare's day, actors would warm up in a room that contained plants. It was thought that being in a room with plants was good for the actors' voices. Since there were plants in the room, the room was known as a green room.

Another theory that claims to be from around the time of Shakespeare is that the room held unexperienced actors. Although the room was not limited to only unexperienced actors, it was likely that they would spend more time there than on stage like experience actors. These actors were "green" and thus the room was a "green room." There's also the theory that the room was where nervous actors would wait. When an actor was nervous, he might look sick or "green." Thus, the room was called a green room because of nervous actors.

There are also theories about makeup. One states that actors had to apply uncured makeup to their faces and then wait for it to cure. When the makeup was uncured, it looked green. So, actors sitting in a room would literally look green, and the room became known as "the green room." Another theory dealing with makeup is that actors often had to use fake blood when on stage. It is thought that the fake blood would get onto the walls in this back room. Fake blood on most walls looked very odd or concerning, but fake blood on green walls did not look as bad and thus the walls were painted green.

There are more theories that focus on the walls of the room actually being green. Another one is that an inexpensive material that was usually white or tan was dyed green and put over expensive areas of the theatre in order to keep them from getting damaged. This material also supposedly helped keep costumes clean, and thus it covered the walls of the room where costumes were kept, which also ended up being the room where actors waited and relaxed as sometimes it was also the dressing room. Then, there is the theory that the walls were painted green in the room to give relaxation to the actors. It is thought that this was to help relax their eyes from the bright stage lights, but it can also simply be that green is a relaxing color.

There are also the theories that come from language. One is that the term came from Cockney Rhyming Slang. It is thought that the stage was called the greengage, often shortened to green. Thus, the waiting room would be the "greengage room" or "the green room." Another is that the room was the "scene room" where the scenery was kept. For some reason, the word "scene" was misheard and and "green" replaced it and the room was called the green room.

There are probably even more theories. You can pick your favorite one for yourself (although you should teach others that there are many theories) or you can make up your own theory as well.

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